Intracellular Infection

Intracellular dynamics of HIV infection.

Early studies of HIV infection dynamics suggested that virus-producing HIV-infected cells had an average half-life of approximately 1 day. However, whether this average behavior is reflective of the dynamics of individual infected cells is unclear. Here, we use HIV-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) constructs and flow cytometry sorting to explore the dynamics of cell infection, viral pr...

Tryptophan catabolism during intracellular infection.

TO THE EDITOR—In a recent issue of the Journal, Divanovic and colleagues investigated the roles of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) during murine toxoplasmosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and herpes simplex virus type 1 infection [1]. They concluded from their results that IDO plays important roles in the host response and that its antimicrobial or immunoregulator...

Intracellular Bacterial Infection and Invariant NKT Cells

The invariant (i) natural killer (NK)T cells represent a unique subset of T lymphocytes which express the V alpha 14 chain of the T cell receptor (TCR), that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen presentation molecule CD1d, and they participate in protection against some microbial pathogens. Although iNKT cells...

Macrophage cell death upon intracellular bacterial infection.

Macrophage-pathogen interaction is a complex process and the outcome of this tag-of-war for both sides is to live or die. Without attempting to be comprehensive, this review will discuss the complexity and significance of the interaction outcomes between macrophages and some facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens as exemplified by Francisella, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia. Upon bact...

Expression after Vaccinia Virus Infection Diminished Intracellular Invariant Chain